A study in the Nov.1 issue of the journal Sleep shows that sleep deprivation causes some people to shift from a more automatic, implicit process of information categorization (information-integration) to a more controlled, explicit process (rule-based). This use of rule-based strategies in a task in which information-integration strategies are optimal can lead to potentially devastating errors when quick and accurate categorization is fundamental to survival.

Results show that sleep deprivation led to an overall performance deficit on an information-integration category learning task that was held over the course of two days. Performance improved in the control group by 4.3 percent from the end of day one to the beginning of day two (accuracy increased from 74 percent to 78.3 percent); performance in the sleep-deprived group declined by 2.4 percent (accuracy decreased from 73.1 percent to 70.7 percent) from the end of day one to the beginning of day two.

As per co-principal researchers W. Todd Maddox, PhD, professor of psychology, and David M. Schnyer, PhD, associate professor of psychology at the Institute for Neuroscience at the University of Texas in Austin, fast and accurate categorization is critical in situations that could become a matter of life or death. However, categorization appears to become compromised in people who often experience sleep deprivation in fast-paced, high pressure roles such as doctors, firefighters, soldiers and even parents. A number of tasks performed on a daily basis require information-integration processing rather than rule-based categorization. Examples include driving, making a medical diagnosis and performing air-traffic control.

Maddox and Schnyer were surprised to find that the source of the information-integration deficit was a subgroup of sleep-deprived individuals who shifted from information-integration strategies when rested to rule-based strategies when sleep deprived. Sleep-deprived participants who used information-integration strategies in both sessions showed no drop in performance in the second session, mirroring the behavior of control participants.

Some categorization problems involve conscious, explicit processing that relies heavily on.

frontal brain systems. Processing in these systems is known to be adversely affected by sleep deprivation. Other categorization problems involve non-conscious, implicit processing that relies heavily on procedural learning and the striatum, Maddox and Schnyer stated in an e-mail message. The current study suggests that processing in these systems is minimally affected by sleep deprivation, but that performance can suffer because sleep deprivation leads a number of individuals to rely on explicit processes when implicit processes are necessary.

The study involved 49 West Point Cadets who performed an information-integration categorization task twice, separated by a 24-hour period, with or without sleep between sessions. Twenty-one cadets were placed in a sleep deprivation group (16 men, 5 women; mean age 20.3 years) while 28 were designated as controls (23 men, 5 women; mean age 19.5 years). The sleep-deprived group was monitored to ensure that they did not sleep, while the control group waccording tomitted to obtain a normal nights sleep.

Control and sleepless participants were divided into two subgroups depending upon whether each individuals day-one data was best fit by an information-integration model or a rule-based model. For the control group, 14 participants data were best fit by an information-integration model and nine participants data were best fit by a rule-based model. For the sleepless group, 13 participants data were best fit by an information-integration model and seven participants data were best fit by a rule-based model.

The study cites prior research suggesting that differences in cortical white matter predict cognitive vulnerability to the effects of sleep deprivation. Based on prior studies performed at their lab, the authors hypothesize that people appears to be able to prevent falling back on rule-based categorization when sleep deprived by performing a secondary task that activates the rule-based process.


Posted by: Emily    Source

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