Both extensive psychological research and personal experiences confirm that events that happen during heightened states of emotion such as fear, anger and joy are far more memorable than less dramatic occurrences. In a report this week in Cell, Johns Hopkins scientists and their collaborators at Cold Spring Harbor and New York University have identified the likely biological basis for this: a hormone released during emotional arousal primes nerve cells to remember events by increasing their chemical sensitivity at sites where nerves rewire to form new memory circuits.

Describing the brain as a big circuit board in which each new experience creates a new circuit, Hopkins neuroscience professor Richard Huganir, Ph.D. says that he and his team observed that during emotional peaks, the hormone norepinephrine dramatically sensitizes synapses the site where nerve cells make an electro-chemical connection to enhance the sculpting of a memory into the big board.

Norepinephrine, more widely known as a fight or flight hormone, energizes the process by adding phosphate molecules to a nerve cell receptor called GluR1. The phosphates help guide the receptors to insert themselves adjacent to a synapse. Now when the brain needs to form a memory, the nerves have plenty of available receptors to quickly adjust the strength of the connection and lock that memory into place, Huganir says.

Huganir and his team suspected that GluR1might be a target of norepinephrine since disruptions in this receptor cause spatial memory defects in mice. They tested the idea by either injecting healthy mice with adrenaline or exposing them to fox urine, both of which increase norepinephrine levels in brain. Analyzing brain slices of the mice, the scientists saw increased phosphates on the GluR1 receptors and an increased ability of these receptors to be recruited to synapses.

When the scientists put mice in a cage, gave a mild shock, took them out of that cage and put them back in it the next day, mice who had received adrenaline or fox urine tended to freeze in fear an indicator they associated the cage as the site of a shock more frequently, suggestive of enhanced memory.

However, in a similar experiment with mice genetically engineered to have a defective GluR1 receptor that phosphates cannot attach to, adrenaline injections had no effect on mouse memory, further evidence of the priming effect of the receptor in response to norepinephrine.

The scientists plan on continuing their work by going in the opposite direction and engineering another mouse strain that has a permanently phosphorylated or primed receptor. Were curious to see how these mice will behave, Huganir says. We suspect that theyll be pretty smart, but at the same time constantly anxious.


Posted by: Rose    Source

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